In theory, the constitution of the United Kingdom has three branches: Parliament, which makes laws, the government, which puts the laws into effect, and the law courts, which interpret laws. Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power. Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the voters of 650 constituencies. They are known as MPs, or Members of Parliament. The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, is also an MP, usually the leader of the political party with a majority in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is advised by a Cabinet of about twenty other ministers. The Cabinet includes the ministers in charge of major government departments of ministers. Departments and ministers are run by civil servants, who are permanent officials.
Even if the Government changes after an election, the same civil servants are employed. Members of the House of Lords are not elected. About 70 per cent of them are `hereditary peers` because their fathers were peers before them. The other 30 per cent are ` life peers`, whose titles are not passed on to their children. They are officially appointed by the Queen, on the advice of the Government, for various services to the nation.
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